There is continuing debate among experts surrounding the appropriate taxonomic treatment of Cannabis groups, which is confounded by colloquial usage of these terms vs. High THC drug types are often categorized further in the commercial marketplace: Sativa, Indica, and Hybrid strains, which reportedly have different intoxicating effects ( Heilig, 2011 Hazekamp and Fischedick, 2012 Smith, 2012 McPartland, 2017 Leafly, 2018). Within the two major groups, Cannabis can be further divided into varietals or strains. High THC drug types generally contain >12% THC and average ~10–23% THC in dispensaries ( Potter et al., 2008 Vergara et al., 2017 Jikomes and Zoorob, 2018). Hemp types tend to have higher concentrations of CBD than drug types ( de Meijer et al., 1992). It is important to note that much of the confusion around Cannabis groups is related to the fact that hemp and drug types are distinguished based on % THC content, which is a variable trait that has been selected for or against in the two groups. The term marijuana is controversial, so unless referencing “research grade marijuana” as defined by the US government, we utilize the term “drug type,” as there is no acceptable widely used term for Cannabis that does not classify as hemp. There are two primary groups, which are well-supported by genetic analyses ( Sawler et al., 2015 Lynch et al., 2016 Dufresnes et al., 2017 Soler et al., 2017): (1) hemp or hemp type which is legally defined in the United States as Cannabis containing no more than 0.3% THC, and (2) marijuana, drug type, or drug type which encompasses all Cannabis with THC concentrations >0.3% THC. This has led to a need for extensive research into the basic biology and taxonomy of Cannabis sativa ( Hillig, 2005 Clarke and Merlin, 2013 Lynch et al., 2016 Vergara et al., 2016 Small, 2017).Ĭannabis sativa is the only described species in the genus Cannabis (Cannabaceae) but there are several commonly described subcategories that are widely recognized. The United States is currently experiencing drastic changes in patterns of Cannabis use associated with widespread relaxation of laws that previously limited both medical and recreational consumption ( Cousijn et al., 2018), as well as hemp cultivation. The World Health Organization reports Cannabis as the most widely cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug, and it constitutes over half of worldwide drug seizures ( World Health Organization, 2018). Humans have a long history with Cannabis sativa, with evidence of cultivation dating back as far as 10,000years ( Abel, 2013). Although the sample size was small, “research grade marijuana” provided for research is genetically distinct from most retail drug-type Cannabis that patients and patrons are consuming. Interestingly, the two analyzed “research grade marijuana” samples obtained from NIDA were genetically distinct from most drug-type Cannabis available from retail dispensaries. All hemp samples clustered genetically, but no clear distinction of Sativa, Hybrid, and Indica subcategories within retail marijuana samples was found. Clustering and genetic distance analyses support a division between hemp and drug-type Cannabis. Ten microsatellites targeting neutral non-coding regions were used. Samples (49) were assigned as Wild Hemp (feral 6) and Cultivated Hemp (3), NIDA (2), CBD drug type (3), and high THC drug type subdivided into Sativa (11), Hybrid (14), and Indica (10). This is the first genetic study to include “research grade marijuana” from NIDA. We sought to investigate the genetic identity of Cannabis supplied by NIDA relative to common categories within the species. Studies researching Cannabis flower consumption rely on NIDA-supplied “research grade marijuana.” Previous research found that cannabinoid levels of NIDA-supplied Cannabis do not align with commercially available Cannabis. for research purposes is the University of Mississippi, which is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United StatesĬurrently in the United States, the sole licensed facility to cultivate Cannabis sativa L.1School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States."This edition is packed with the lastest developments and information from the labs of current researchers-including the lastest findings from Genomics and RNA Interference.Anna L.
0 kommentar(er)
